{"id":221,"date":"2010-07-27T03:53:43","date_gmt":"2010-07-27T03:53:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/iranianstudies.org\/fa\/?p=221"},"modified":"2010-08-07T02:56:38","modified_gmt":"2010-08-07T02:56:38","slug":"%d9%86%d9%82%d8%af-%da%af%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%8c%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%db%8c%d8%b9%d9%87%d8%8c-%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%b2%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iranianstudies.org\/fa\/1389\/05\/05\/%d9%86%d9%82%d8%af-%da%af%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%8c%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%db%8c%d8%b9%d9%87%d8%8c-%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%b2%d8%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201c\u0646\u0642\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u060c\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0622\u06cc\u0631\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n

“\u0646\u0642\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u060c\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0622\u06cc\u0631”<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

philosophy@iranianstudies.org<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

www.Iranianstudies.org\/fa<\/a>
\n <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 “\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647” \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 ” \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646- \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a- \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642” <\/span><\/p>\n

Language, Truth and Logic \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062c- \u0622\u06cc\u0631 Alfred J. Ayer \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0627: \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1- \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0631: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641- \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. <\/span>(\u0622\u06cc\u0631\u060c\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f1\u060c \u0635\u0635:\u06f1\u06f3-\u06f2\u06f9).<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628- \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647. <\/span>(Ayer, 2001, 30-47)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2– \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u06cc: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641- \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627.<\/span> (Ayer, 2001, 64-83)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.\u00a0 (<\/span>Ayer, 2001, 16-20,23-24, 125-126, 147-149)<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3– \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc Analytic \u00a0 \u0648 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc Synthetic <\/span>.\u00a0 (Ayer, 2001,-64-83) <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc Apriori \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.) <\/span>( \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u06f1\u06f2- L. T. L )<\/span> \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f”. <\/span>( \u0635\u06f9\u06f4\u0648 \u06f9\u06f6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L. T. L. )<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f.( \u0635 \u06f9\u06f3- L. T. L. )<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u06f1<\/sup> The A Priori\u0648 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06f2<\/sup> Truth and Probability \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4– \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc Verifiability principle : <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 ” \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a” <\/span>( \u0635 \u06f1\u06f9 L. T. L.)<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u06a9\u0630\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062e\u0641\u06cc\u0641 ( \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f.”\u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 ( \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0635\u062d\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0642\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0686\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u0624\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0630\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f… \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a”.<\/span> (\u0635 \u06f1\u06f9- L. T. L.)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u06cc:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 “\u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0646\u06cc\u0645- \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06af\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f”. <\/span>( \u0635\u06f2\u06f0\u0648 \u06f2\u06f1- L. T. L.)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062e\u0641\u06cc\u0641 verifiability Strong verifiability-Weak : <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 ” \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a ” \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f” \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062e\u0641\u06cc\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f”.(\u0635\u06f2\u06f2- L. T. L. )<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f”.( \u0635 \u06f2\u06f5- L. T. L.)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f5– \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0641\u06cc\u0641\u0641\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u00a0 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0631\u0646\u062f ( \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc) \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u06cc\u0686\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 “\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f”. \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0630\u0628 \u0622\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u06a9\u0630\u0628 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f: “\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0631 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc “\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f”. <\/span>( \u0635 \u06f3\u06f0- L. T. L. )<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0622\u06cc\u0631:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/strong>: <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n

    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    \n

    \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc.\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    “\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f \u067e\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u2013 \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0638\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f- \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f\u06f3<\/sup>.” <\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc: <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n


      \n <\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u063a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.\u00a0 “\u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u06f4<\/sup>.” ” \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639 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\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06af\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u06f5<\/sup>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n


        \n <\/span><\/p>\n

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        \u06f4-\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        ( “\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u06f6<\/sup>\u061f”<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n


          \n <\/span><\/p>\n

          ( “\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0634 \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0634 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0636. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0633 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u06f7<\/sup>.” <\/span><\/p>\n

          \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc: \u0627\u0644\u0641- \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u06a9\u0630\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0628- \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u062c- \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u062f- \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0647\u0640 – \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc ” \u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628” \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 ” \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644 ” \u0627\u0633\u062a\u06f8<\/sup>. <\/span><\/p>\n

          \u06f6- \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc (science) \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 knowledge))\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u06cc.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc ” \u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628” \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0646\u062b\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0641\u06cc\u0641 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u06a9\u0630\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u06f7– \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u062f\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f ( \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f)\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u06f8- \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0636\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u067e\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u06af\u06cc\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0644 (Gilbert Ryle) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

          “\u067e\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 (nonsense) \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u067e\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u061f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0647 ERKENNTRIS \u2013 \u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc- \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0633 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u061f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0622\u06cc\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0634 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 ” \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u067e” \u0646\u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06f9<\/sup>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

          (RYLE, EDITED BY OSCAR P. WOOD AND GEORGE PICHER, INTRODUCTION BY GILBERT RYLE, LONDON, MACMILAN, 1977, P. 10.)<\/span><\/p>\n

          <\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f3<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n


          <\/p>\n

          \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639:<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0622\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0645\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0686\u0647\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f2\u066b <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a: L.T.L \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u067e\u0648\u067e\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f8\u066b<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u067e\u0648\u067e\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0634\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f0\u066b<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f1\u066b<\/span><\/p>\n

          Ayer, A. J, Language, Truth and Logic, Penguin books, London, 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

          RYLE, EDITED BY OSCAR P. WOOD AND GEORGE PICHER, INTRODUCTION BY GILBERT RYLE, LONDON, MACMILAN, 1977.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          “\u0646\u0642\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u060c\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0622\u06cc\u0631” \u00a0 \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u06cc philosophy@iranianstudies.org www.Iranianstudies.org\/fa \u00a0 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 “\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647” \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 ” \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646- \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a- \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642” Language, Truth and Logic \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062c- \u0622\u06cc\u0631 Alfred J. Ayer \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-16","category-13"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u201c\u0646\u0642\u062f \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u060c\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0622\u06cc\u0631\u201d - \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 (LAIS)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iranianstudies.org\/fa\/1389\/05\/05\/\u0646\u0642\u062f-\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631-\u060c\u062d\u0630\u0641-\u0645\u0627-\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647\u060c-\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628-\u0632\u0628\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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